Home TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE



Transmission Electron Microscope is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.

Electron microscopes enable clear observation of micro-structures, which is not possible with optical microscopes. Moreover, they also make it possible to analyze substance structures and obtain atomic level information by using an electron beam. The electron microscope is an epoch-making invention used throughout the world to investigate an atomic world that we could hardly imagine.

 

 

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(1/1) ErrorException

fwrite(): write of 1729 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded
in StreamHandler.php line 130
at HandleExceptions->handleError(8, 'fwrite(): write of 1729 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded', '/home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog/Handler/StreamHandler.php', 130, array('stream' => resource, 'record' => array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:06:53] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} ')))
at fwrite(resource, '[2026-08-01 01:06:53] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} ')in StreamHandler.php line 130
at StreamHandler->streamWrite(resource, array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:06:53] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in StreamHandler.php line 116
at StreamHandler->write(array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:06:53] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in AbstractProcessingHandler.php line 39
at AbstractProcessingHandler->handle(array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:06:53] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'8P6zg4oAOIwKqTJ...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in Logger.php line 344
at Logger->addRecord(400, object(ErrorException), array())in Logger.php line 707
at Logger->error(object(ErrorException), array())in Writer.php line 203
at Writer->writeLog('error', object(ErrorException), array())in Writer.php line 114
at Writer->error(object(ErrorException))in Handler.php line 71
at Handler->report(object(ErrorException))in Handler.php line 35
at Handler->report(object(ErrorException))in HandleExceptions.php line 81
at HandleExceptions->handleException(object(ErrorException))