Home SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE



A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans a focused electron beam over a surface to create an image. The electrons in the beam interact with the sample, producing various signals that can be used to obtain information about the surface topography and composition.

The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the position of the beam is combined with the intensity of the detected signal to produce an image. In the most common SEM mode, secondary electrons emitted by atoms excited by the electron beam are detected using an Everhart-Thornley detector. The number of secondary electrons that can be detected, and thus the signal intensity, depends, among other things, on specimen topography. 

 

 

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(1/1) ErrorException

fwrite(): write of 1729 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded
in StreamHandler.php line 130
at HandleExceptions->handleError(8, 'fwrite(): write of 1729 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded', '/home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog/Handler/StreamHandler.php', 130, array('stream' => resource, 'record' => array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:04:17] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} ')))
at fwrite(resource, '[2026-08-01 01:04:17] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} ')in StreamHandler.php line 130
at StreamHandler->streamWrite(resource, array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:04:17] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in StreamHandler.php line 116
at StreamHandler->write(array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:04:17] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in AbstractProcessingHandler.php line 39
at AbstractProcessingHandler->handle(array('message' => 'ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main}', 'context' => array(), 'level' => 400, 'level_name' => 'ERROR', 'channel' => 'local', 'datetime' => object(DateTime), 'extra' => array(), 'formatted' => '[2026-08-01 01:04:17] local.ERROR: ErrorException: file_put_contents(): write of 206 bytes failed with errno=122 Disk quota exceeded in /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:122Stack trace:#0 [internal function]: Illuminate\\Foundation\\Bootstrap\\HandleExceptions->handleError(8, \'file_put_conten...\', \'/home3/homeprod...\', 122, Array)#1 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php(122): file_put_contents(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', 2)#2 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/FileSessionHandler.php(83): Illuminate\\Filesystem\\Filesystem->put(\'/home3/homeprod...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\', true)#3 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php(128): Illuminate\\Session\\FileSessionHandler->write(\'ziSl2UzzaMiEyoU...\', \'a:3:{s:6:"_toke...\')#4 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php(88): Illuminate\\Session\\Store->save()#5 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(218): Illuminate\\Session\\Middleware\\StartSession->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#6 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Kernel.php(189): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminateMiddleware(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#7 /home3/homeproduct/public_html/index.php(58): Illuminate\\Foundation\\Http\\Kernel->terminate(Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Request), Object(Illuminate\\Http\\Response))#8 {main} '))in Logger.php line 344
at Logger->addRecord(400, object(ErrorException), array())in Logger.php line 707
at Logger->error(object(ErrorException), array())in Writer.php line 203
at Writer->writeLog('error', object(ErrorException), array())in Writer.php line 114
at Writer->error(object(ErrorException))in Handler.php line 71
at Handler->report(object(ErrorException))in Handler.php line 35
at Handler->report(object(ErrorException))in HandleExceptions.php line 81
at HandleExceptions->handleException(object(ErrorException))